Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality

: The relevance of this study is due to the specifics of the subculture global context, supplemented by a semantic paradigm determined by the linguistic and cultural traditions and the social and cultural background of the Russian language community. The study aims to identify the perception of proper names in rap texts, their axiological understanding as cultural dominants that make up the individual cognitive base. Based on the conducted research, the proper name property to act as metaphorical intertextual signs of conceptualization and categorization of the real world, inherent for rap discourse, has been established.


Introduction
Paradoxically, but the word, language illustrate the allencompassing, multifaceted reality of the digital world. It is probably no coincidence that one of the most popular Russian battle platforms for verbal duels between rappers is SLOVO (WORD).
The realities, ideas and goals expressed in words form a man as a person, affect his philosophy of life, modelling an individual worldview. The "free access" words are the most powerful -those that come from TV screens, computer monitors and are broadcast through films and music.
Today, the hip-hop music style is recognized as one of the active forces influencing the younger generation (AFANASJEVA et al., 2020;CRAWFORD et al., 2014;MUTEGI et al., 2018;TRAVIS, 2013). The expansion of hip-hop culture became the main form of youth expression in the 2010s. Hip-hop culture implicitly forms the youth's worldview, which is in search of identity: on the one hand, it is escapism and adherence to subculture attributes, on the other hand -protest activity, risky lifestyle, and irony over the bling-bling aesthetics. Hip-hop culture, which originated as a form of protest against racism, segregation and apartheid among the US black population -reading to talking drums and djembe percussion, has evolved into a commercially productive transcontinental music mainstream (BRADLEY, 2017;CHRISTOPHER, 2019). Rap, the main element of hip-hop culture, clearly demonstrates the change of worldview values. The protest rap discourse paradigm did not completely remove discrimination but has grown into new concepts: "new money" bravado, street crime, sex freedom and self-praise (OREJUELA, 2014) with an appeal to the traditions of the world religions (SWANK, 2015). The genre diversification can be seen as its increasing socialization and the expansion of the text subject -as an opportunity to tell the world about various problems (CASHMAN, 2020). The global nature of rap culture, on the one hand, and its national characteristics, on the other, determine the Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina importance of considering the allusive impact of proper names on identity acquisition and intercultural communication.
Intertextuality is recognized as the essential basis of rap text (DIALLO, 2015). A term introduced into the conceptual linguistic corpus (as well as the term "intertext") by Kristeva in 1966 as a replacement for M. Bakhtin's "dialogism", is understood today in a broad sense, from direct citation to the statement that each text bears traces of other texts (ANDREA, 2005;KOLARIČ, 2019).
Its origins are seen in the oral tradition, be it the poetry of Homer (ZABEL, 2021) or the oral epic tradition of Ancient Rus (MILNER-GULLAND, 2001). The main idea is the convergence of texts from the past, present and future: there are no separate texts, but there is a certain intertext in which the authors endlessly refer to each other. Intertextuality expands the semantic potential of the text, providing a dialogue between the author and the recipient at a certain time and in a certain situation under certain social and cultural conditions. Hip-hop is "obsessed" with memory and the craving for the past (CHRISTOPHER, 2014), which is manifested by multiple quotes, references, allusions, metaphors, calques and reminiscences.
Proper names (PNs), or onyms, are an effective means of intertextuality due to their ability to accumulate social and cultural, and historical information (KARPENKO, 2016;NOVIKOVA et al., 2019;VAN DONGEN et al., 2020;ZABEEH, 2012). Names "make this changeable and impermanent world stable and sustainable, create the illusion of knowledge and its possession: if we know the name, then the phenomenon bearing this name seems familiar <...> knowledge of proper names is an integral part of language knowledge and therefore is included in a person's linguistic ability" (KARAULOV et al., 2002:755).
Today, young people are more receptive to symbols. They associate themselves with certain social statuses and roles, making it possible to actively exploit rap in the economic sphere.
Leaving aside the commercial component of this phenomenon of today's culture, we note a small number of researches on allusive, or precedent, PNs in rap lyrics while realizing the need for such studies. The active proper intertextuality of Russian-language rap is shown in comparison with English-language rap (MUKHTAROVA and ALIMURADOV, 2020). Of interest is the polymodality of proper references in rap texts, cf. the mention of great artists names of the past, which indicates the continuity of the cultural tradition (DE PAOR-EVANS, 2018). Based on the material of different languages, the corpus of rap lyrics is being formed as a significant cultural and linguistic phenomenon. Its lexical component, including names of realia and people, as well as geographical names, etc., creates the collective identity of the authors and adherents of this musical direction (MAISTO et al., 2018;PODHORNÁ-POLICKÁ, 2020).
The object of this article is the Russian-language rap discourse.
Sustained in genre traditions, it certainly has its unique properties: possessing explicit linguistic features that "discredit" the genre (an abundance of obscene vocabulary, an active interspersing of Anglo-American slang borrowings (PROSHINA, 2020)), it is philosophical, literary and linguocentric, intertextual (EWELL, 2017;SERPINSKAYA, 2018). In a review article devoted to the scientific research of rap culture in Russia (ZAVALISHIN and KOSTYURINA, 2020), the authors deduce three basic directions of rap culture scientific understanding that have been institutionalized in Russia to date: linguistic, philological and sociological. Noting the fragmentary nature of the research conducted in the country, their limitation, for the most part, to student works, as a perspective, they determine the consideration of rap as a component of various discourse types (political, religious, social), the analysis of the subject discourse in the work of rappers. Among the characteristic features of rap discourse noted by these authors (obscene vocabulary, a large number of English-language terms, information congestion with a Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina special reading technique "running rhythm" (flow), we are more interested in onym use as intertextual markers of the cultural code, understandable to a particular social group (KOLESNIKOV, 2014).
The diversity of rap culture in terms of ideological attitudes and national and cultural specifics (EWELL, 2017) determines different goals for using onyms in the performed texts: commercial benefit (as shown earlier); "name dropping" -excessive use of celebrity names, brand names to impress the listener, show their erudition and / or awareness (Craig et al., 2017;Jankov, 2016); impact on the audience, getting the desired response through associations.
The purpose of the study is to identify the perception of proper names in rap lyrics, which will allow us to reveal the actual onym content, to determine their features in the linguistic consciousness of the listener. Achieving the goal involves solving the following tasks: statusing the issue coverage; word-stimulus selection (the most frequent PNs from rap lyrics); a questionnaire construction for conducting a free associative experiment; conducting an experiment; data analysis and creating a PN associative field.
The research hypothesis. Although PNs chosen as the stimulus words, the most frequent in rap lyrics, are relevant for modern linguistic consciousness, the degree of their recognition will be different, and the associative field of each onym will be various.

Methodological framework
The empirical basis of the study was the rap battle discourse The study was conducted within the framework of an actively developing linguistic area -cognitive onomastics, which elucidates the PN organization in the internal or mental lexicon of the individual (ISUPOVA, 2014;KARPENKO, 2016;RESZEGI, 2018). Getting into the mental lexicon, the name "searches" for its place among many word categories, both common names and proper names and their sub-categories: proper names (PNs), common names (CNs), anthroponyms, hydronyms, etc. In this case, the word undergoes categorization, being transformed into a concept. The need to identify the ways of PN associative identification is due to the fact that "they serve as mental lexicon organizers, linguistic world view coordinators, headings of collapsed memory structures, and development and explication means of these structures in verbal and cogitative activity" (KARPENKO, 2016;LARINA, 2015:126).

Research design and sample
For the gradual goal achievement, the following methods were used: the method of continuous sampling -to select empirical material (lyrics by Russian rappers on https://genius.com/), as well as stimulus words; the hypothetico-deductive method -to propose a hypothesis, its verification, analysis and generalization of the results obtained; the associative experiment -to identify the patterns of the linguistic consciousness of rap listeners; the quantitative analysis -to statistically process the experiment results; the method of linguoculturological analysis -to decipher deep cultural phenomena, behavioural stereotypes and value dominants of linguistic personalities.
On March 23, 2021, the authors of the study conducted a free onomastic associative experiment to identify the recognition degree of precedent PNs in the Russian-language rap discourse, analyze the most frequent onyms as intertextual markers, and identify ways of organizing PN in the mental lexicon of an individual.
The experiment was conducted in compliance with the requirements for testing of this kind: the testees (at least 100 Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina people) were asked to respond to the word-stimulus with the first word (reaction) that came to mind without any restriction either in form or in semantics; the time interval between the stimulus and the reaction is minimized; the stimulus material is presented in the form of questionnaires; this type of survey is objective, reliable and

Research limitations
The following limitations were identified during the survey: the quantitative parameter -162 people, the qualitative parameter - 1st-year students of bachelor's degree programs of the Bashkir State Agrarian University (Ufa, Russian Federation), research material limitation -Russian-language rap lyrics.

Ethical issues
All responses are anonymous and do not include the respondent's full name. The survey results are available only to the respondents and questionnaire creators -the authors of the article.
This data are not shared with third parties. All data were legally received and transmitted to https://docs.google.com/forms/u/0/, Música Hodie. 2022, v.22, e70237 Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina i.e., with the voluntary consent of their owners and in compliance with their legal rights (including compliance with the Federal law "On personal data" dated 27. 06.2006 No. 152-FZ). Regarding the research material, there is no need to obtain written consent for the use of rap lyrics since they are freely available on the Internet.

Results and discussion
The results showed that 63.6 % of respondents are neutral The statistics show that in rap lyrics, listeners are most attracted to bits (69.8 %), flow (46.3%), content (44.4%), language play (37%), as well as rhyme variety and complexity of (27.2%).
In Section 2 of the associative onomastic experiment, respondents were asked to study several rap lyrics selected by the continuous sampling method: "Miskuzi madam outro" The empirical material for Section 3 was PNs, the most frequently mentioned in the Russian-language rap discourse, Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality The respondents were asked to give their first association while spending no more than 10 seconds on each name.
Victoria's Secret (162) The analysis of individual and collective associative fields obtained by the results of a free associative experiment based on rap discourse onomasticon made it possible to obtain a reliable picture of the formation, development or absence of a concept in the individual belonging to a particular language personality and Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina the collective, inherent in social cognitive space: free (single) and predictable (frequency) associations for word-stimuli.

Conclusion
Intertextuality is an inherent rap characteristic as a linguocultural phenomenon. Expanding the semantic potential of the text, it provides a truly uninterrupted dialogue between the author and the consumer of the rap product through allusions, quotations, references, and reminiscences. An effective means of intertextuality are PNs as metaphorically capacious signs of reality, denoting events and properties associated with certain personalities. The accumulative ability of PNs, their participation in the processes of conceptualization and categorization of the outworld arouse interest in the study of onym vocabulary in rap discourse. A free associative experiment was conducted to identify the PN perception in Russian-language rap lyrics that differ in their proper content. The free associative experiment made it possible to identify the ways of associating the onym and its position in the individual's mental, or internal, lexicon.
The first set of questions allowed us to create a social portrait of the experiment participant (age, gender, individual attitude to hip-hop culture). This is a university student (100% of the respondents), a girl (64.8%) of 18-19 years old (67.3%) who listens to rap (66%) and is neutral to Russian rap (63.6%). She does not have specific preferences among Russian rappers (63.6%). In rap, she is attracted primarily by the plan of expression: beat (69.8%) and flow (46.3%) and only then the content (topic) (44.4%). In the second part of the experiment -recognition of proper names in 5 rap excerpts -the information obtained makes it possible to conclude that the linguistic correlations between the proper name and the common name are unclear in everyday consciousness.
Using precedent names in their discourse, rappers often resort to metaphors and comparisons -stylistic techniques that gradually deonymize the proper vocabulary.
Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina The precedence / allusiveness degree turns out to be a relative category, determined by the national cognitive base of people belonging to a particular linguocultural community, but heterogeneous per definitionem. The precedent names stand for a set of conceptual features that are well-known in the discourse of the Russian-language linguocultural community, which means that they have a suprapersonal character, but, of course, there is a system of discrete mental units that are cognitively and emotionally significant for a particular language personality. In addition, the Different types of language responses showed a predominance of paradigmatic connections between the word-stimulus and the word-response, which is associated with the individual experience of the respondents. Non-linguistic, or thematic, connections turned out to be the most opaque.
Onyms in Russian-language rap discourse as a means of intertextuality Alfiya Aznabaeva • Olga Novikova • Yuliya Kalugina A free associative experiment is an extremely complex but always heuristic way of describing and explaining the interaction of an individual's intralinguistic (linguistic) and extralinguistic (background) knowledge. With the help of "stimulus-response" psycholinguistic tool, it is possible to identify, interpret and systematize individual associations that arise as responses to a specific word. In the explicit or implicit context of the "wordassociation" dyad, a variety of value-based cultural dominants is presented, reflecting the individual's worldview, world perception, and attitude. The study of the correlations of onomastic and common vocabulary in the cognitive base of a linguistic personality in a synchronous context appears a promising direction of linguistics, awaiting theoretical reflection.